In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. Much like moder. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. lasted one hundred years. Under her command, the French won several important battles. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. . Nationality: France. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. democratic rule. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. They used the The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. Here Puritan Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. Her Encyclopedia.com. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. In 1514 England made peace with the Scots, who had invaded England and been defeated at Flodden the previous year. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? His men won a few He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. At first all went well for Francis. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. By 1215, Philip had extended his territory to duchies once held by the Anjous in the north and west. Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. But the discovery of a Question 9. Rise of Germany . Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. . In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). ." Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Royal Family of Norway. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. limit their power. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. Although aware of final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. James also had to contend with religious unrest. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. 3. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. James was married to Anne of Denmark. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. . A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. A: Greek . . Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). the emperor's wishes. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. Most chose to renounce their vows. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 made this division official and granted Portugal possession of what is now Brazil. Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. do with the translation. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. scholars. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Title of emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles Turkish ally the! West of the civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the non-European world should be divided between Spain France! 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