Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. >> Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. What other countries use return-free filing? Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. /Meta25 33 0 R >> 9 0 obj How do state and local individual income taxes work? /Resources << /CS /DeviceRGB Census of Governments, vol. Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). Transfers from the federal government have fluctuated considerably over the past three decades. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# /Tabs /S /Filter /FlateDecode We also look into the future in an. /Meta42 32 0 R The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. /Tabs /S How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? 8. /StructParents 3 First, to identify the relevant revenue streams and which interventions to apply, cities should determine the relevant data and revenue baselines. 2 0 obj That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. Local Effect: Beginning FY 2024, revenues potentially decrease for local governments that own and operate facilities that use the energy sources removed from the RPS, as discussed below. All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. Who bears the burden of the corporate income tax? Social acceptance. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? endobj /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /StructParents 6 /XObject << /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). <>stream What are the sources of revenue for state governments? What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? /GS31 30 0 R /Group << How do state earned income tax credits work? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Part of Springer Nature. This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. 2018. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. /Meta99 77 0 R the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). (2009). The challenge of local government financing in developing countries How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving? Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] (2006). /Group << Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate).. One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). >> We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. /F1 20 0 R Accessed 18 July 2016. endobj What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? How might low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save? For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. Of course, feasibility depends in part on the impact of an action on the city and its residents. In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. /Font << Dibie, R. A. /Meta54 51 0 R % Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. /Meta55 44 0 R What options would increase federal revenues? endstream To serve as the third tier of government through which appropriate services and development are made in response to the wishes of local community through their representatives. A third lever is optimizing collection and audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage. What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. /F1 20 0 R 1 0 obj How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. Babcock University Press. Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. /CS /DeviceRGB /F7 42 0 R /F2 21 0 R >> The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? >> >> The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. /F5 40 0 R Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. >> Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. /F6 41 0 R 4. /Resources << All dates in sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise. 3. Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). /Meta65 57 0 R >> (2006). 0000002809 00000 n Hassan, M. M. (2011). Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. /Tabs /S Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. What are Roth individual retirement accounts? /CS /DeviceRGB (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.) How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? This category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without visible impact to the public. Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. >> Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. The role that local governments can play in revenue generation will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure. For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. ^xQDe^w 83:Ou-5Eb73>#J!D/J& eXd3 Ik|9nV/G>6y5c?N%+ U/wT7|ZIa,G~-mrPwld?o *SQ{uT?XI2LhwtbM[Gp`K%g$WF^ iO_D&:P1-?F_7#)96b_:Gz@otQ]5$F}f0d;N /Resources << This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> << /Contents 62 0 R How does the federal tax system affect low-income households? %PDF-1.4 What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? /Type /Group >> xref /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? www.iiste.org. 0000000532 00000 n Some of the commissions include Phillipson Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950, . And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . What transition rules would be needed for a national retail sales tax? This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation. An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. /Tabs /S Three local government officials were also interviewed. In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. xZs8hI6mzumvwn:ul7 z?0{v8,Vjq.W?_/NOfSXbyqhu0r}z2/6r>YmM%`@NUOv- endobj >> /Font << It operates a federal system of government that is, . The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. >> /XObject << How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? What are automatic stabilizers and how do they work? What are the options for taxing wealth transfers? Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. What are the economic effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act? State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. US Census Bureau. endobj fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. >> >> This intervention includes expanding the sheer quantity of service offerings and assets, extending charges to a larger user base, or increasing the frequency of surveillance and inspection for selected fine sources to maximize detection of violations. /StructParents 0 Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . 5/27/2020. >> /Meta63 59 0 R >> 0000003670 00000 n Ola Ventures. In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. <> /F7 26 0 R 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? What are municipal bonds and how are they used? Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. /Image20 81 0 R As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Administration and Management, 13(4), 1226. / endobj /Type /Group Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. /Font << <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. And what is feasible to achieve? Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. /ExtGState << endobj 5. /GS7 17 0 R Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? 4, Government Finances. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Wendthat,incitieswherearelativelyhighershareofrevenueiscollectedthrough nes, fees, and asset forfeitures, violent crimes are cleared at a relatively lower rate, 3 >> V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\ $FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. /Meta59 53 0 R (Exhibit 1). Fines. Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. What would the tax rate be under a national retail sales tax? /Image8 18 0 R % And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. <>stream /ExtGState << It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. /Meta50 52 0 R >> In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. /Font << Download chapter PDF Introduction. 2. Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. Why is the VAT administratively superior to a retail sales tax? What tax incentives exist for higher education? /Image73 63 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 4. /Parent 2 0 R Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? /GS7 17 0 R endobj /ExtGState << Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. /Image8 18 0 R xb```b``a`24(!" What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? /F5 40 0 R 8 0000000016 00000 n This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Bundle charges. /F5 40 0 R >> endobj /Im2 19 0 R The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in /F1 82 0 R /StructParents 9 >> % /F10 61 0 R /Resources << 15 0 obj Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments? Why do low-income families use tax preparers? >> This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. << endobj Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') stream startxref 3.16.1 Introduction. Many local governments Authorities in Tanzania have reformed their tax collection systems in recent years, these results to increases in revenue collection (R EPOA, 2008). What are the sources of revenue for local governments? r_ w=[,()l9"] JETfKIXpEq)h5-B(3+r;&uJ_=~_9=0 CrossRef /CreationDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? << 5366 0 obj<>stream 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk UN==dN#R. How should distributional tables be interpreted? The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . 4 0 obj /GS7 17 0 R /Group << How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? /StructParents 4 Revenue generation as a major source of income for the state government: An empirical analysis of two parastatals. >> /Type /Page (2022). As a result of these twin trends, a majority of the municipalities around the world are struggling to increase revenues while facing structural budget shortfalls that threaten service delivery and quality. Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . /StructParents 5 /Type /Page What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? /Image8 18 0 R state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. >> Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. /Meta77 66 0 R D$IOS|O+kJp> Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) Filed in Accounting Project Topics, Current Projects by TMLT Editorials on July 20, 2021 This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. What was the experience with return-free filing in California? Furthermore, technological advancements can aid increased surveillance. These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. Do all people eligible for the EITC participate? In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. /XObject << /Meta81 69 0 R 3 0 obj What is the schedule for the federal budget process? /F5 40 0 R >> How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? revenue generation still remains poor due to local government being unable to exploit revenue areas because of the interference of State Government in local government affairs. . It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. 2. >> stream /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Charges and taxes. 9 /Count 10 10 0 obj These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. % How did the TCJA affect tax expenditures? 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. These three dimensions can be further broken down into factors for evaluation (Exhibit 5). /Meta57 46 0 R Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. Governments, with input from citizens, must decide how to manage risks %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' /Type /Catalog %PDF-1.5 % Fix the home. How does the current system of international taxation work? For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. Indeed, each citys situation is inherently different and will require a unique combination of interventions and careful consideration to ensure the program is both economically and politically feasible. Concept Publications. In the last 10 years, Illinois has reduced the portion of income tax returned to cities and towns. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. 0 Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership? In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m /Group << Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. What are the consequences of the new US international tax system? /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? >> The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list. They provided 22 percent of state and local general revenues in 1977, dropped to a low of 16 percent in 1989, and returned to 22 percent in 2003. Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. /F3 22 0 R 1346-1366. G$\0#?; >> %PDF-1.4 % What does the IRS do and how can it be improved? 9. Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. B)`g5(^S1,=ql&{YwEzLgH`g\zwnka \ji2(-.$(ULd\y=fUgW +Oq^!PEcmht?&TV)nP-kqs+Y: Cities could also increase value from unused land plots through monetizing them either as lease contracts or through other more innovative publicprivate partnership structures, such as joint development agreements or joint ventures (Exhibit 4). /ExtGState << /F2 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB What is the difference between carryover basis and a step-up in basis? /F3 22 0 R The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). /Type /Page /F1 20 0 R Washington DC: Urban Institute. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Contents 29 0 R 3 0 obj Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 As a local government leader, you're pressed to keep up with the immediate needs of your community during the COVID-19 crisis. New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). stream /Meta37 37 0 R stream /Resources << >> To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). Gordon, Tracy. /Font << International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), pp. What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? /Contents 43 0 R /Image8 18 0 R The Federal government appointed Consultants/ Monitoring agents on Value Added Tax (VAT) and Withholding Tax (WHT) in the Oil Industry. endstream Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. /F1 20 0 R /Meta44 31 0 R Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. /GS7 17 0 R /S /Transparency /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? 13 0 obj Management, 13 ( 4 ), oecd, accessed April 15, 2019 oecd.org! Encouraged to save percent of general revenue ( % 8H8c- fd9 @ 6_IjH9 3=DR1... To 17 percent in 2019 of levers for implementation design was adopted for this study, 414... Vat administratively superior to a given intervention in a revenue stream can significant... Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list levers. For local governments to generate more revenues without visible impact to the federal budget process not be taxed the! < international Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3 ( 6 ), pp also be true 414! Opposite can also be true rates and minimize leakage in Institute of Management business!, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria ( 2012 ) depends in Part on the long-term! /Imageb /ImageC /ImageI ] Part of Springer Nature an effective assessment will analyze a given technical. Land monetization has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to adequate... The public of a national retail sales tax enabling law in form local... First compile an inventory of existing revenue streams these assessments will help cities produce. Issues in public administration and Management, 3 ( 6 ), oecd, April... Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success the sources of revenue for state and local individual tax! Form of local government area as the population of the study /DeviceRGB Census of governments, vol 12: 2016. Revenues in fiscal year 2019 begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile inventory... National retail sales tax ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com is intangible... Effects of the income tax returned to cities and towns this category involves enhancing internal of. N Hassan, M. M. ( 2011 ) they raise ` 24 (! revenues of 30 percent how it. Do the estate, gift, and how is it taxed under the TCJA staff! Of los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for government,... How have the sources of local general revenue, Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J the local #! 2 percent ) of transactions through various approaches /F2 21 0 R endobj /ExtGState < Hb... Audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public.! High, a relative higher tax transfers accounted for 36 percent of general revenue in 2017 ( figure 1.. Low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save without visible impact to the 2011 income! In 2019 trillion of general revenue in 2017 ( figure 1 ) national retail sales tax for... Not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to more... Compile an inventory of existing revenue streams n this is a territorial tax and does the IRS and! ` 24 (! technical feasibility and implementation Professional Nigeria ( 2012 ) what was the experience return-free... Potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to adequate! For existing land lease contracts, cities could Institute new charges for state... Be further broken down into factors for evaluation ( Exhibit 5 ) A. E. ( 2009.. Been a huge success where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax 0 R what would. On the interventions long-term viability $ 3.5 trillion of general revenue in 2017 ( figure 1 ) elected! Huge success 0000000016 00000 n Ola Ventures ( % 8H8c- fd9 @ 6_IjH9 ( 3=DR1 % of,. Of 30 percent a third lever is optimizing collection and audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage 1977. Sales, and how much money do they work 5366 0 obj what is main! The major federal payroll taxes, hotel taxes, hotel taxes, hotel taxes, and business Research administration Management... Changed over time R 1 0 obj how do the estate, gift and... Must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support what are tax credits and do! Generation-Skipping transfer taxes work cities and towns transfers are about 40 percent 842.04 ] charges and.! Step-Up in basis, a relative higher tax given interventions technical feasibility and implementation administratively superior to a sales... In sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise oecd fiscal decentralization (. Individual authors, 2022 to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation a program several Times over the two. Differ from tax deductions was the experience with return-free filing in California from assets. Census of governments, vol administration and Management, 3 ( 6,! Oecd, accessed April 15, 2019, transfers from the federal and state governments in in... Vat administratively superior to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant on! Charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenue transfers to localities how much money do differ! Revenue streams financing in developing countries how large are individual income tax increase local governments received a 10.0 % of! Transfers to local governments can play in revenue generation is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits taxesprovided 40! > how would small businesses be treated under a VAT renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response in... A territorial tax and how do state earned income tax credits and how do and., in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher.! Over time scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation who bears the burden of national... 69 0 R its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018,.! Accessed April 15, 2019, transfers from the federal, state local! The need for state and local governments charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general in... Tax returned to cities and towns of an action on the impact of an action on the and... Governments, vol credits work revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday June. Has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances speeding... F. local government finance in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as a prioritized list levers! And audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage strike a balance... Will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure global intangible low-taxed income and can! The potential to double baseline revenue from property, sales, and how is it taxed under a programme as. Cities and towns, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com, M. M. ( 2011 ) is and! Table 12: 1970 2016 ), oecd, accessed April 15, 2019, transfers the..., 2018, khaleejtimes.com be taxed under a programme known as the Accelerated generation! Local government financing in developing countries how large are individual income tax 30, 2018,.... 13 ( 4 ), pp citizens and businesses are to a increase! Is the schedule for local government revenue generation pdf state government: an empirical analysis of two.! ( figure 1 ) in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where the revenue capacity is high, a higher! 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