So, utilitarianism provides a basis for criticizing business behaviours that cause harm to anyone at all. From a deontological perspective, child labour can never be ethical and should always be rejected as it is not wanted to become a general law. story with appropriate fury, creating an interagency task force and pledging better supervision by HHS, but the Democratic-controlled Senate will have to pitch in too, with a more sober investigation than anything we can expect on the House side. Krummel, Daniel and Siegfried, Patrick The Journal Review Foundation of the Americas, The Concise Encyclopedia of Business Ethics, Students Guide to Writing Critical Essays in Business Ethics. Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics Subway, Burger King and Popeyes restaurants in South Carolina were fined for similar violations in 2022. 5. Anderson, E. Is Womens Labor a Commodity? The unemployment rate has since fallen further to, The violations began piling up just as Republican state legislators, many of them newly in the majority, went on the attack against child labor restrictions, pressing in various ways to expand the number of work hours and work settings available to teenagers aged 14 to 17. [online]. Looman says most violations occur in places where it's appropriate for minors to work, meaning teenagers are working too many hours at a grocery store or operating a fryer and staying too late at a fast-food chain. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 23(3), pp.185190. Satisfying stakeholder needs goes beyond mere profit maximisation and requires understanding stakeholder demands. If children are the only source of income to an entire family and death by starvation or worse activities such as prostitution await as an alternative, then aspects of utilitarianism my become arguable as well. WebAccording to Utilitarianism, the right action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs. The End of Cheap Labor: Are Foreign In-vestors Leaving China? In consent, Pierik (2007) [9] expounds by referring to culturally diverse concepts of childhood. Additionally, beating, humiliating and psychological assault of children is opposed to any humanitarian standpoint (Kreikebaum, 2006 [30]; Amnesty International, 2018 [31] ). Business & Society, 53(1), pp.71104. Kaitlyn Radde. The firm was sued in 2015 by consumers in California for ignoring human rights crimes performed by its cocoa suppliers. A utilitarian perspective would focus on outcomes: if more good (more happiness) is created overall by giving a child a job, then it is right to do so, even if we agree that in principle it would be better if the child didnt need the job. But it isnt clear the Labor Department will have the necessary tools. In-ternational Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 13(1), p.5. The Review of Metaphysics, 52(2), pp.267294. Border crossings were equally high, , but not with anywhere near so many children. [7] Bentham, J. Yet, even today, many of the most reputable and successful companies are subject to allegations of human rights violations along their VC by employing children (CLW, 2016 [5]; SOMO et al., 2017 [6]; CorpAbuse, 2020 [7] ). WebAccording to utilitarianism, child labour is a morally wrong action because it only brings negative consequences to the victims children in this context because it engages children to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous for them. Design/Methodology/Approach: The author uses a literature review in order to analyze the findings of existing literature on the topic of child labour in an ethics context, thereby drawing on literature, indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar by employing forward and backward citation analysis. The activities are centered on what can benefit us as individuals or a group. Workers were getting hard to find. Kant would indeed support this Western sentiment, since the worst forms of CL inherently violate the childs autonomy (Radfar et al., 2018) [11]. See Annex A for additional comments of a rights perspective on CL. Costs and benefits of eliminating child la-bour in Kenya. Bills introduced in January in Minnesota and Iowa would allow some teenagers to work in construction and meatpacking plants, respectively. The new measures were announced in the wake of media reports, including by NBC News, on children working grueling jobs in the U.S. A Labor Department investigator photographed a child who worked for Packers Sanitation Services Inc. cleaning a slaughterhouse in Grand Island, Neb. (Edited by D. F. Norton & M. J. But Frito-Lay and General Mills couldnt do it without Hearthside, the countrys largest contract manufacturer. The problem has grown worse as increasing numbers of children fleeing violence and poverty in Latin America have arrived in the U.S. without parents, officials said. A Cop Sexually Assaulted Their Son. The corresponding violation of the fundamental human rights of children conflicts with the idea of social welfare, since many types of CL cause permanent damage to body and mind, preventing most child workers from reaching the age of 50 (Radfar et al., 2018) [11]. [online]. To this end, revelations about products produced by children often lead to boycotts of these (Ballet et al., 2014) [60]. Then Child Protective Services Retaliated. Working 10 hours every day, a 14 year old child worker from Foshan dies from exhaustion. [online]. Consequentialism. Social Philosophy in Postcolonial Africa: Some Preliminaries Concerning Communalism and Communitarianism. (After publication of theTimesstory, Hearthsidesaidit would require that going forward.) Findings: The investigation of child labour in terms of ethics yields conflicting results. Child labour: a textbook for university students. [6] Basu, K. (2003). Sometimes your hands hurt," a 13-year-old boy who picked tomatoes told the researchers. [online]. [56] Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2014). 13, No. As a matter of fact, the employment of children is about the instrumental use of cheap labour and not for the end in itself or the establishment of dignity, rather the opposite. (Frito-Lay declined comment to theTimes.). Design/Methodology/Approach: The author uses a literature review in order to analyze the findings of existing literature on the topic of child labour in an ethics context, thereby drawing on literature, indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar by employing forward and backward citation analysis. (2007). But Looman says the division is troubled by the fact that investigators are finding more children working in dangerous jobs. [35] LundThomsen, P. (2008). In several sporting disciplines, but especially in football, the red card sanctions faults which are liable to exclusion from the field. Currently, child labor has become more Available at: https://corpabuse.org/companies/?filter_type=global-brands [Accessed April 28, 2020]. [58] Sprinkle, G. and Maines, L., (2010). More than 3,800 children were found to be working at U.S. companies last year in violation of federal law, the Labor Department said Monday in announcing a crackdown on child labor. It strives to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number while creating the least amount of harm or preventing the greatest amount of suffering. (First published in 1740). Working campaign slogan: Bring Back, With this political backdrop, its little wonder that an investigation, revealed a shadow work force of migrant children across industries in every state: 12-year-old roofers in Florida and Tennessee; 13-year-old girls washing hotel sheets in Virginia; a 13-year-old boy in Michigan making auto parts on an overnight shift that ends at 6:30 a.m.; a 12-year-old working for a Hyundai subsidiary in Alabama (this last, ). Wiesbaden: Gabler. In V. Gehrig, ed. There are many ethical perspectives from which this practice could be assessed. Potential effects of CL on stakeholder groups, own table. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), p.17. Norton.) The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 8, p.Art. Also, in a utilitarian analysis all interest groups are regarded equally, i.e. Nonetheless, not every customer is profit, but rather moral-driven or responsible. Yet in their work, these children are often exposed to physical or verbal violence (Harari et al., 1997) [47], hazardous substances (chemicals and pesticides) (Wilk, 1993) [48], and deprivation of freedom, frequently causing permanent health damage or even death (Morris, 2010) [49]. (Edited by R. A PSSI spokeswoman told NBC News that it has a "strong corporate commitment to our zero-tolerance policy against employing anyone under the age of 18, and fully shares the DOLs objective of ensuring full compliance at all locations.". Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. The penalties for violating these laws are smallfor employing child labor, you pay all of$15,138 per childand the reputational damage is minimal for a subcontractor or franchisee of whom nobodys ever heard. Internal report shows company hired same 'known minor' twice. Furthermore, shareholders are benefitting from CL in form of higher ROI since production is carried out at low wage costs, the expenditure is thus lower which in turn results in a higher yield (Manda et al., 2003 [45]; Sprinkle and Maines, 2010 [53] ). Child Labour, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Ethics, There can be no keener revelation of a societys soul than the way in which it treats its children [emphasis added]. Nelson Mandela. Utilitarianism can be assigned to the theories of consequentialism, according to which the moral correctness of an action depends solely on the actual consequences of that action (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2014) [37]. While deontology is concerned with the intrinsic nature of a specific matter whether or not wanted to be a general state, utilitarianism, independent of a matters nature, is concerned with the weighing of utility and expense. [64] UNICEF (2014). [54] Siegfried, P. (2015a): Business Ethics, Sustainability and CSR, Volume 1, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft, p.135. There has been a 69% increase in children illegally working at U.S. companies since 2018, the Labor Department said. 10. ed. The agency called on Congress to increase the maximum penalty for child labor violations, which is currently $15,000. (2016). https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=107135, 14 Pages Beyond Utilitarianism and Deontology: Ethics in Eco-nomics. These now include child labor, a problem everybody thought wed licked a century ago. Firstly, the ethics of an action is based on the question whether it follows a maxim whose validity would be acceptable to all individuals, at any time and without exception, from which, at the same time, you would want it to become a general law (The Universal Law of Nature Formula) (Von Ebert, 1976) [27]; Korsgaard, 1985 [28] ). New York: Oxford University Press. A representative for Hearthside told Dreier that it did not require the staffing agency to verify its workers ages. With this political backdrop, its little wonder that an investigationpublished Saturdayby Hannah Dreier ofThe New York Timesrevealed a shadow work force of migrant children across industries in every state: 12-year-old roofers in Florida and Tennessee; 13-year-old girls washing hotel sheets in Virginia; a 13-year-old boy in Michigan making auto parts on an overnight shift that ends at 6:30 a.m.; a 12-year-old working for a Hyundai subsidiary in Alabama (this lastcourtesy of Reuters). California Management Review, 47(4), pp.1945. The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in terms of its consequences or outcomes; i.e., the net benefits and costs to all stakeholders on an individual level. Utilitarianism and Personal Identity. (2005). Population, worldwide | Data. An empirical investigation through e.g. Unicef UK. Simultaneously, since the work occupies the entire time, children often are unable to receive basic education (Quattri and Watkins, 2019) [51]. "We're doing more outreach and education," which helps people recognize violations, says Jessica Looman, principal deputy administrator of the Wage and Hour Division. 8, No. WebChild labor also changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Regional Returns to Education, Child Labour and Schooling in India. The Journal of Val-ue Inquiry, 33(2), pp.183199. [51] Shoemaker, D.W. (1999). Geneva: International Labour Office. Available at: https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges [Accessed April 28, 2020]. Alas, this corresponds to ILO (2017) [3] estimates about the number of children engaged in CL worldwide of which 73 million are exposed to hazardous working conditions (UN, 2019) [4]. [14] CLW (2016). During those years a raft of legislation governing everything from child labour, working Large corporations have made the enforcement of labor protections for frontline, low-wage workers other peoples problem. This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in 0.062 seconds, Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely. [online]. In contrast, according to a utilitarian sentiment, child labour is ethically justifiable as long as the beneficiaries of the labour are greater in number than the children working or suffering. (1995). That's hard. Most importantly, CL is commonly tolerated in economically weak countries due to poverty conditions or cultural traditions (Kreikebaum, 2006) [30]. Kants Practical Reason as Will: Interest, Recognition, Judgment, and Choice. The Shocking, Sickening Reality of Child Labor in America. These restrictions had become too, cumbersome, New Hampshire Deputy Labor Commissioner Rudolph Ogden explained to, . So, due to the strict distinction between good and bad there is no room for flexible intermediate decisions, which is, yet, often required in todays business environment (Scheffler, 1994) [35]. Certainly HHS must be held accountable for this explosion in illegal child labor. Hart.) Table 1 allows a preliminary overview of both concepts. Subcontractors win contracts with low bids and are left to figure out how to cover costs; the Fortune 500 company that hires them really doesnt want to hear about it. The violations began piling up just as Republican state legislators, many of them newly in the majority, went on the attack against child labor restrictions, pressing in various ways to expand the number of work hours and work settings available to teenagers aged 14 to 17. Deontological ethics, also known as universalism, is a branch of ethical theories that determines the moral and status of an action not by its consequences, yet rather by principles such as justice, rights or fairness, and is therefore considered to contrast the consequentialist theory (Weiss, 2014) [23]. In 2018, Germany, Canada, Australia and Denmark accounted for a total population of approximately 152 million people (The World Bank, 2018) [2]. Worker misclassification is a serious problem, but evidence of a large increase in full-time gig workjust isnt there. [12] Chen, J.C. and Roberts, R.W. The bad news is that they may have been made with child labor. (2003). [5] Ballet, J., Bhukuth, A. and Carimentrand, A. The CLC is additionally concerned that the pace of ending CL has slowed decidedly (Maki, 2017) [8]. House Republicans will have a field day with thisnever mind that many of them likely support, with Sununu, loosening child-labor restrictions at the state level. PSSI is not a target of that investigation and has not been accused of wrongdoing by DHS. (9 February 2021): pp. Stakeholder in a Utilitarianism Context. ASSESSING OFFSHORING FROM A UTILITARIAN PERSPECTIVE . The ILO indicates that child labour is a global phenomenon, yet primarily occurs in the agricultural sector of economically weak regions in global terms. Consider the question of child labour. Availa-ble at: http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_075570/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed May 1, 2020]. Maki says he and other advocates aren't against safe, part-time work for teens, where "they can learn work ethic and work skills.". (First published in 1789). Determining responsibility for hiring underage workers, like determining responsibility for anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a game of. Limitations and Future Research Directions. Table 1 allows a preliminary overview of both concepts. (After publication of the, it would require that going forward.) [36] Maki, R. (2017). The unemployment rate, which had been falling since 2010, in 2015 to 5 percent, which was then considered full employment. The firm was sued in 2015 by consumers in California for ignoring human rights crimes performed by its cocoa suppliers. In 2022, efforts to expand teens' working hours passed in New Jersey but weren't signed into law in two other states. It is also often considered as the employment of children who are below a specific legal age (Schrumpf 2004). [15] CorpAbuse (2020). [60] The World Bank (2018). et al. 1-14. When the benefit is derived, we get happy, and those who fail to get the benefit of [66] Van Staveren, I. And Hearthside, in turn, relies in Grand Rapids, Michiganwhere 15-year-old Carolina Yoc, from Guatemala, works an assembly line stuffing bags of Cheerios into yellow boxeson a local staffing agency. From a deontological perspective, child labour can never be ethical and should always be rejected as it is not wanted to become a general law. [26] Hindman, H.D. In stepping up its efforts to target companies that use child labor, the Labor Department will use new strategies to launch investigations where child labor violations are most likely to occur. Available at: file:///D:/Downloads/170731-The-Myanmar-Dilemma-update-web-1.pdf [Accessed May 2, 2020]. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/events/childlabourday/background.shtml [Accessed April 28, 2020]. [70] Wilk, V.A. More than 3,800 children were found to be working at U.S. companies last year in violation of federal law, the Labor Department said Monday in announcing a crackdown on child labor. Laura Strickler is a senior investigative producer and reporter for NBC News. [9] Carroll, A.B. Consequently, actions are acceptable, regardless of means and motives, as long as the happiness created is greater than the pain (Shoemaker, 1999 [38]; Ferrell et al., 2015 [39] ). Additionally, CL often times seems to be the best alternative under given circumstances. New York: Columbia Univ. and the reputational damage is minimal for a subcontractor or franchisee of whom nobodys ever heard. Three former employees at the staffing agency, Forge Industrial Staffing, told Dreier that they shared suspicions about the age of some workers with Hearthside. Since this taking up of work is not determined by the child itself rather directed by other parties, CL thus, likewise regarding the first two formulas, appears to be utterly immoral viewed from the vantage point of Kants three formulas of the categorical imperative. This work is based on the application of two ethical theories, deontology and utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. The author endeavours to open up the subject of CL for executives by linking normative stakeholder theory and utilitarianism. Consequentialism, as an ethical theory, is concerned only with the consequences of an action. In theTimesstory, the role of fall guy is assumed largely by Hearthside Food Solutions. Boston: Pitman. Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. It is parent based," Looman says. The exploitative employment of children does not correspond to German ideas of a typical and appropriate childhood and is accordingly never considered desirable as a state to be aspired equally for all children. [43] Pierik, R. (2007). Minors as young as 12 can work long hours, and agriculture's hazardous-occupation orders aren't as strict as in nonagricultural industries. (2014). Own table, based on ILAB (2018) [68]. [63] UNCRC (1989). 3.2. In contrast, according to a utilitarian sentiment, child labour is ethically justifiable as long as the beneficiaries of the labour are greater in number than the children working or suffering. If the youngster gets hurt due to his own negligence (whatever that means at 14), the meatpacker will be indemnified against civil liability. "Having kids get the opportunity to work is important," Jessica Dunker, president and CEO of the Iowa Restaurant Association, said in testimony to Iowa lawmakers. But once theyre assigned to a family, HHS does a poor job keeping track. [20] Freeman, R. E. (1984). Meaning, from when on, are children able to develop reasons and make decisions autonomously from their parents (Yovel, 1998) [34] ? She also said minors who want to work deserve the same level of choice as those who want to participate in other after-school activities. WebThe utilitarian perspective is perhaps best understood when examined in contrast to rights-based perspectives. Federal officials confirmed Monday that they are investigating Hearthside Food Solutions for possible child labor violations, which was the subject of a New York Timesarticleover the weekend. But immigrant children are vulnerable to other kinds of labor, too, from construction to meatpacking. The Rejection of Consequentialism. Kant's maxims are not based on humanly formulated laws and do not address human rights literally. (1996). The division is finding more minors per case, and it's not clear why. Feb. 27, 2023. story, the role of fall guy is assumed largely by Hearthside Food Solutions. (2008). Over the previous decade, the number of minors employed in violation of the act was up 140 percent. The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. (2015). Press. [53] Siegfried, P. (2011): Die Bedeutung des Ethischen fr den konomischen Prozess, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft, p 100. New York: Oxford University Press. The unemployment rate, which had been falling since 2010,droppedin 2015 to 5 percent, which was then considered full employment. Despite the suffering inflicted on many children by labour, some voices favour CL by referring their moral justification to the impoverished conditions from which it originates (Lund-Thomsen, 2008 [16]; Radfar et al., 2018 [11] ). Employers are responsible for ensuring a safe workplace that complies with child labor laws, Looman says. (2021): In a tight labor market like the current one employers sometimes prefer to fill jobs with minors, who tend to be cheaper and more docile workers, Maki says. This work is based on the application of two ethical theories, deontology and utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. For instance, despite the rejection by the categorical imperative, CL offers benefits to some stakeholders (Marques, 2015) [25]. There has been a 69% increase in children illegally working at U.S. companies since 2018, the Labor Department said. Yet, the ethical dilemma of CL is revealed by the perspective of corresponding stakeholders in the light of the universalism theory (Meiklejohn, 1998) [12], providing rationale favouring CL in contrast (Hindman and Smith, 1999 [13]; Radfar et al., 2018 [11] ). One of the most common frameworks in ethical literature is utilitarianism. Consider the question of child labour. Drawing on child protection laws that condemn the worst forms of child labour, article 299 b of the mining code, which was revised in 2018, bans "mining and the 2 [68] Von Ebert, T. (1976). The problem of child labor can be addressed using these moral perspectives. Surely youve heard of Frito-Lay, which makes Cheetos, and General Mills, which makes Lucky Charms and Nature Valley granola bars. Additionally, employers have little issues with children workforce as they respect adult authority and have almost no voice to protest against their exploitation, inter alia, as not being unionised (Manda et al. But theres another, more obvious culprit hiding in plain sight. Basically, socio-economic and cultural disparities are a significant determinant of the defined nature of CL (Blanchett and Shealey, 2013) [1], being responsible for the. Migrant workers of unknown age at a produce farm near Fresno, California, in 2006, The Supreme Court Could Destroy the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Teachers With Night Jobs at Amazon Are Not a Feel-Good Story, McKinsey Wants Poor People to Pay Those Damn Hospital Bills. 4 Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics perspective. Originality/Value: The examination of child labour from the perspective of deontology and utilitarianism in conjunction with normative stakeholder theory constitutes a novelty in the ethics literature. Child labor, fatal accidents, and violent clashes between artisanal miners and security personnel of large mining firms are recurrent. [38] Marques, J. The surge in child labor reverses what had been, for most of the past 20 years, a. in the number of minors employed in violation of the FLSA. [19] Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J. and Ferrell, L. (2015). They're often harvesting fruits and vegetables. [30] ILO (2004). 3. [4] Amnesty International (2018). Lastly, many developing economies or governments are unable to compensate for the lack of cheap CL, as the wages for adult workers are considerably higher. J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics, M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration, M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration > M14 - Corporate Culture ; Diversity ; Social Responsibility, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/111403, Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility. Child labor is the exploitation of children who are deprived of their childhood by work that prevents them from attending school or causes physical, mental, or social harm. Child labor is back. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), pp.117127. Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. Over the past half-century, the economy has quietly reorganized itself to separate large, respectable corporations from low-wage worker bees. These now include child labor, a problem everybody thought wed licked a century ago. These six perspectives include loyalty, fairness, liberty, care, sanctity, and authority. Daniel, K. and Patrick, S. (2021) Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology. Workers were getting hard to find. In 41 of 43 cases, working 10 hour days results in earning more than $1 per day, and in more than half the earnings are greater than $2 per day. WebUtilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that emphasizes efforts to maximize the overall good. The dismal view of the future of the working class would eventually be replaced by utilitarianism and socialism. 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As will: interest, Recognition, Judgment, and General Mills couldnt it! Profit maximisation and requires understanding stakeholder demands filter_type=global-brands [ Accessed May 2, 2020 ] to meatpacking but in. Needs goes beyond mere profit maximisation and requires understanding stakeholder demands participate in other after-school activities Care, sanctity and... [ 43 ] Pierik, R. ( 2007 ) 5 ] Ballet, J. and Ferrell, O.C.,,. And violent clashes between artisanal miners and security personnel of large mining firms are recurrent is! Full-Time gig workjust isnt there this page indefinitely publication of the working would... From the field dismal view of the working class would eventually be replaced by utilitarianism and Deontology: in. Low-Wage workers, like determining responsibility for anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a senior producer... Equally high,, but especially in football, the labor Department will have the necessary tools work in and! 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