learned behavior of people, including their languages, belief systems, social structures, institutions, and material goods. with Jeremi Suri South Sudans civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the African Unions intervention to find peace and stability, says expert Alex de Waal. Five days later, the military announced that the president had been overthrown. Go to National Geographic's Sudan Facts page and invite volunteers to take turns reading aloud the information. What is the capacity for the UN to play a stabilizing role given the recent criticism of its peacekeepers for failing to prevent rape and other abuses happening in the capital? What cultural aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? Show them the excerpts "Sense of Place and Community," "Cultural Differences," and "Responsibility and Leadership."3. The art of Sudan reflects its centuries-old history. How will the military in Sudan deal with unrest? What do you see as the next steps in South Sudan? In small groups, have students use the MapMaker Interactive to create geo-tours of the Lost Boys' journey.Have small groups load the MapMaker Interactive. Dairy and milk are fundamental to the diet of most Sudanese. But the army is not a unified force in Sudan. Or, they may respond with examples of values, such as individualism, personal rights, innovation, or democracy.2. *Update: As of May 12, 2021, the number of people displaced by the current conflict has increased: Lydia Dawsonserves as World Reliefs Humanitarian and Disaster Response Unit Program Officer in Sudan, and in disaster response worldwide. Ongoing disputes and the lack of power-sharing agreements between many of South Sudans rival factions in the civil war that ended in 2018 has cast doubt on whether the government will be able to prevent violence in the lead-up to national elections, which are set to occur in 2022. Interview by Subsistence farming and livestock raising, Isml Pasha and the growth of European influence, Multiparty elections and preparations for southern independence, Domestic challenges and the 2015 general elections, Challenge to Bashirs rule and the 2019 military coup, Tension, protests, and the 2021 military coup, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. Whats more, because these committees are made up of local residents, they will continue in their work long after World Relief has left the area. So South Sudan should, in my view, be suspended from the African Union. In rural areas, women assist men in agricultural work to a great extent. Most African and Western countries have backed the protesters. The marriage was usually dissolved by the total refund of the bridewealth to the former husband. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| Patrilineal descent was important in determining the social identity of a person, inheritance, and rights and duties concerning marriage and bridewealth (gifts from the groom and his kinsmen to the father of the bride and his kinsmen). In the 21st century, Sudan faced conflict in Darfur, Southern Kordofan, and Blue Nile starting in 2003. On 4 August they signed a constitutional declaration which will pave the way for the formation of a transitional government. Paramilitary organisations and various Islamist militias hold some sway. Soups are also an important part of the Sudanese cuisine. And finally, that the security of the national capital Juba could be provided jointly by two armies that were still bitterly unreconciled and deeply distrustful of each other. From being a vast, diverse country at war with itself, Sudan has split in . the way a person views themselves in relation to the learned characteristics and behaviors of a group or community. Modern Sudanese literature emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries and was mainly written in Arabic or some local languages like the Fur language. Katherine Noel, Interviewer Alex de Waal, Interviewee. A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the Darfur region in western Sudan. How and why does political identity default to ethnic identity in conflicts like the civil war in South Sudan? Sudans livestream massacre. And particularly in this instance, the South Sudanese combatant abuses have been overlooked for years and years, because they were the good guys [in the long civil war against northern Sudan forces]. The geographical variations in the country have given birth to regional cultural differences. Traditional and folk music like the Sufi Dervishes, Haqibah, Southern Sudanese folk music, and Northern Sudanese lyrical music also lost their prominence in modern-day Sudan. 3. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Introduce the film God Grew Tired of Us and the excerpt students will watch.Explain to students that the film documents the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan as they fled civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. Barrie novel, and the media picked up on this; the group is now known collectively as The Lost Boys of Sudan. Review the vocabulary in this new context.3. While he did win election as president throughout his 30-year reign, Human Rights Watch calls those elections . The Fur reckoned descent patrilineally, but residence was customarily with or near the wifes parents. Relief workers called them the Lost Boys after the characters in the J.M. Ultimate authority lay with the sultan, who could depose officials beneath him when their power became a threat to his dominance. The other teams included South Africa, Ethiopia, and Egypt. As the conflict in West Darfur continues, women, girls, men and boys are all receiving effective emergency services from World Relief Sudan to mitigate their present challenges. First, that the political rivals could reconcile and resolve their differences. Promotion was marked with festivities, and members of each age-grade lived separately. It also reflects the ethnic diversity of the countrys population. The security forces have used brute force to strengthen the position of the generals. Divide students into small groups and have them mark the migration journey of the Lost Boys.Make sure each group has one set of outline maps of Sudan, Africa, the world, and the United States. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Program. The Lost Boys of Sudan are a group of Dinka youth who fled civil war in their native country, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. Point out northern and southern Sudan. Members of known terrorist groups continue to be in Sudan and could pose a threat. They will best know the preferred format. The report was released last year. person who flees their home, usually due to natural disaster or political upheaval. Demonstrators argued that Mr Bashir's regime was so deeply entrenched that it would take time to dismantle its political network and open the way for free and fair elections. Women and girls may be attacked as they look for firewood or water outside the camp, and As financial resources are depleted, adolescent girls are married off at increasingly younger ages. by Lindsay Maizland They are taught gender-based skills at an early age. In October 2021, the Sudanese National Chamber of Importers stated that the one month disruption at Port Sudan had cost up to USD65 million daily to the Sudanese economy, with over 900 containers stuck at the port. These water points are fenced, to reduce the possibility of violence around these areas, as violence towards women is common when women travel outside of their villages to collect water. These services are provided with special emphasis on gender protection and representation, challenging communities to change the way they engage with one another, and empowering women to take leadership roles in their communities. The military and protesters have been negotiating over the country's future, President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in a coup in April, There were celebrations when the 4 August deal was signed. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Increasing intercommunal violence and attacks, the threat of the peace process unraveling, and dire humanitarian conditions across large swaths of South Sudan has placed renewed urgency on improving security and meeting basic protection needs for South Sudans civilians. Additionally, highway blockades resulted in the halting of around 3,000 trucks, causing losses of up to USD2 . The National Culture Policy is a timely and vital policy for peace-building and for the sustainable development of the Republic of South Sudan. Ask groups to mark the routes the Lost Boys took. transportation of people to a new residential area, usually following a natural or man-made disaster. They discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities. Explain that there is a group of over 25,000 young Dinka men who ran away from a civil war. The Ministry of Culture, Museums and National Heritage Youth and Sports is cognizant that this premier Culture Policy is being rolled out at a critical time in our country's history, Interestingly, music influenced by the West has gained popularity in the country today. 1. Unlike many other African countries, Sudan has a vast repertoire of written literature with the oldest ones dating from 700 BCE and was written in the Meroitic script. Violence has prevented farmers from planting or harvesting crops, causing food shortages nationwide. They will best know the preferred format. Traditionally, among the Otoro there were no political offices, only a special hereditary ritual officethat of chief of the Path, who acted as intermediary in peace negotiations between conflicting parties. In 2014, the AU itself carried out an investigation into violations of human rights and international humanitarian law during the armed conflict. February 13, 2023 Barrie novel Peter Pan who formed a family and took care of each other in Never-Never Land. And if it needed to be revised, it needed to be revised through discussion. Divorce was negotiated and settled by the families concerned. They may attack with little or no warning, targeting foreign and local government facilities, and areas frequented by Westerners. World Relief Sudan is well aware of the specific challenges which women and girls face in such environments and is taking measures to prevent violence, protect vulnerable beneficiaries and support the agency and voices of women in their communities. However, the South Sudanese tend to feel more cultural affiliation and loyalty to their tribal and ethnic groups rather than allegiance to the nation. A civil war broke out in South Sudan in 2013. And on that basis, then [they can] begin a process of national political dialogue and nation-building, backed by the military force of neighboring countries. World Relief Sudan was recently awarded $900,000 in emergency funds fromthe Sudan Humanitarian Fund (through theUNDP) to provide immediate humanitarian assistance. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The Otoro recognized tribal boundaries defined by periodically renewed intertribal treaties. While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges . Academic and Higher Education Webinars, C.V. Starr & Co. Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. The military has also faced international condemnation for the attack on protesters on 3 June, with the UK saying the military council bore "full responsibility". Students summaries should include: This activity targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. Sustainability Policy| First, have students save a map for their group to work on. Have students complete it independently. If possible, show students the full film, God Grew Tired of Us, during class time. Sustainability Policy| Barrie novel Peter Pan who formed a family and took care of each other in Never-Never Land. On January 16, 2021, civil unrest was reported in the Geneina area in West Darfur as a result of violence between Masalit and Arab tribesmen groups that have had a long history of conflict over land and water resources. Extended families are more common in rural areas than in urban localities. Another impact on Africa is that the conflict is just consuming a huge amount of diplomatic, political, and humanitarian energy and money in a region that is facing many, many other threats, some of which have a bigger strategic significance. Invest in flexible payment systems and contractual. Have students make predications about the challenges of displacement.Discuss the challenges of displacement, including retaining culture, traditions, language, and other factors that are tied to a people's homeland. Nubian, Fur, and other minority languages are also spoken. Privacy Notice| person who moves from their existing country or region to a new country or region. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. When the military took power in April, demonstrators stayed put outside its headquarters and insisted that it transfer authority to a civilian administration. February 14, 2023 A brideprice is paid by the groom to the brides family before marriage in exchange for their daughter. Preteach or review relevant vocabulary, including: Have students make connections to their own lives to make sure they understand each concept. Sudan has a rich heritage of music and dance that have suffered greatly since the implementation of the Sharia law in 1989. Many of the countrys poets were imprisoned while others fled to neighboring Egypt. Cuts to bread and fuel subsidies sparked demonstrations in the east over living standards and the anger spread to the capital, Khartoum. The Khartoum League, one of the continents oldest football leagues, is also located in the country. The wide social and cultural diversity included in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan is graphically illustrated by a number of recently published or re-printed works. On January 16, 2021, civil unrest was reported in the Geneina area in West Darfur as a result of violence between Masalit and Arab tribesmen groups that have had a long history of conflict over land and water resources. Notwithstanding its flaws, it should have been protected. With the exception of the Chungur clan, which was the traditional holder of the hereditary chieftainship, all clans were socially of equal order. Although divorces were unheard of in the past and regarded as a taboo, the scenario is gradually changing. The Sudanese film is Ali Cherri's "The Dam" and it was my favorite film of the festival.It is a breathtaking allegory set against the political unrest of the Sudan. Polygyny and leviratic marriages were practiced, and bridewealth payments established wider contact between social groups. If not, contact one of the Lost Boys groups with active websites and establish a pen-pal correspondence between them and your students. In 1991 his forces were involved in a major massacre of Dinkas, the largest ethnic group in South Sudan. The African Union has the legal mechanisms required to intervene very forcefully in South Sudan.. February 23, 2023, What Climate Change Means for the Horn of Africa, With Michelle Gavin, Podcast If you do not have enough time, encourage students to watch the film at home on their own.5. KEYWORDS: South Sudan, Civil War, Ethnicity, Political Instability, National Interests, Humanitarian Crisis INTRODUCTION Africa as a whole is in chaos. January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive Clan members were scattered in different localities; the basic political unit was the hill community, whose members shared a tract of land and a common code of morality. The fighting led to 400 thousand deaths and drove four million from their homes and food sources. Sudan is witnessing a mass public movement demanding the transfer of power from the army to the people. While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges become more pronounced when they are living in displacement camps as a result of violence in their communities. Terracotta sculptures from Sudan are also noteworthy. The protesters are mostly young, reflecting the country's demographics, but people of all ages have been seen in the crowds. C.V. Starr & Co. Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? The military and protesters have reached several agreements fleshing out the details of a power-sharing arrangement, with each side trying to overcome suspicion and build a working relationship. Sudan is a Northeast African country with varied geography featuring deserts, mountains, sea coasts, and more. Have a whole-class discussion to have students make media-to-self connections.Ask: 5. A dish made of banana paste called Moukhbaza is widely eaten in east Sudan. In addition, WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) committees are being formed and are composed of at least 40% women to monitor the use and maintenance of said water points. Kawari is the most popular soup and is made of cattle's or sheep's hoofs, spices, and vegetables. In response, the TMC expressed "sorrow for the way events escalated", saying that the operation had targeted "trouble makers and petty criminals" . When women are on these committees, they can better emphasize the protection of women and children at water access points. The UN authorized the deployment of an additional four thousand peacekeepers as part of a regional protection force in 2016, although their arrival was delayed until August 2017. The Sudanese culture has also evolved over centuries of social and political changes. Explain to students that Sudan's second civil war was caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan over oil and religion. They have lost a lot of face and have been discredited. They discuss the concept of a diaspora and the challenges of displacement. The cycle of public protests which started in 2018 appears to have no end with the army not being comfortable to share the power with civilians, far from the public demand of handing it over to civilians. Discuss the hazards and physical challenges of the routes. Explain to students that Sudans second civil war was caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan over oil and religion. Critical food shortages have continued since then, with UN officials warning that 2021 may be the worst year yet, with more than eight million people in need of humanitarian assistance. 5. A leader of the Nuer, the second largest ethnic group in South Sudan, he had split from the SPLM and fought against it for years during the civil war. A formal signing ceremony is due to take place on 17 August. The AU suspended Sudan as a member of the pan-African body after 3 June crackdown, saying it will be reinstated only after a civilian-led transitional authority is established. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. person who moves to a new country or region. Stews generally have dried meat, peanut butter, spices, and dried onions as the ingredients. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us to learn about the Lost Boys of Sudan and the refugee experience, map the Lost Boys migration journey, and discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities as Dinka. Read more summary. The cuisine of the country is as varied as the countrys geography and diverse ethnic communities. The latter has a religious overtone and are usually related to praising Muhammad. What this meant was that the actual mechanisms for the political management of South Sudan collapsed. In South Sudan, it was just either stolen by elites or spent on the military. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. He could call upon the [ethnic] Nuer militia and the so-called White Army to mobilize almost overnight, because thats what theyve done for some twenty years. Media'Coverage' The'Sudan'and'South'Sudan'refugee'crisishasreceived'lessattention'than'most'othersbythe'United'States READ DIRECTIONS Activity 2: Mapping the Migration of the Lost Boys 45 mins Students map the migration journey of the Lost Boys and Girls. Islamic law determines the inheritance of property in the country. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, Understanding the Roots of Conflict in South Sudan, Security forces patrol the Dar Petroleum Operating Company oil production operated in Palogue oil field within Upper Nile State in South Sudan, September 7, 2016. The UN Mission in South Sudan is justifiably criticized for some serious failures to protect civilians and humanitarian workers under threat. This lesson targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. private sector to meet surges in . In 1977, oil was found in south-western Sudan, but the civil war in the 1980s and 1990s stopped most of the examination and expansion of the oil deposits. transportation of people to a new residential area, usually following a natural or man-made disaster. How Bad Is Ukraines Humanitarian Crisis a Year Later? Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. Best of fest. Preferred marriage within the surra was with a parallel cousin. The ruthless gold mercenaries who run Sudan, The warlord who may control Sudans future, Sudans livestream massacre. Share these resources with your students to examine various conflicts around the world and instances of different communities working together successfully. 1145 17th Street NW In addition to the COVID-19 health crisis in a country with few resources to combat the pandemic, more than seven million people are severely food insecure as of April 2021, and insecurity continues to negatively affect humanitarian supply routes. John Dau, a former "Lost Boy," works to help others in his immigrant community as well as at home in South Sudan. How much has that war shaped the actions of combatants in South Sudan today? Among the Humr Baqqrah the main distinction was between persons of Arab descent (who held the positions of power) and non-Arabs. the movement of people from one place to another. World Relief strictly prohibits and does not tolerate unlawful discrimination against employees on the basis of persons race, color, sex, national origin, age, disability, genetic information, or any other characteristic protected under applicable federal, state, or local law, which does not conflict with the protections afforded World Relief as a faith-based employer. mechanisms that allow for the rapid reallocation of. In conformity, tribalism refers to a cultural term, a way of thinking or behaving in which people are more loyal to their tribes than to their friends, countries or social groups. Although the Otoro were patrilineal, matrilineal ties were also important. Privacy Notice| Protestors targeted the regime of Sudan's longtime president, Omar al-Bashir, winning his ouster after three decades of rule on April 11, 2019. And, although improved communications, increased social and economic mobility, and the spread of a money economy have led to a general loosening of the social ties, customs, relationships, and modes of organization in traditional cultures, much from the past still remains intact. All rights reserved. 4. Annual Lecture on China. Relief workers called them the Lost Boys after the characters in the J.M. Civil Unrest in Geneina. The Fur, for example, had a centralized political and administrative structure. Civil war along ethnic lines broke out in December 2013, following President Salva Kiirs accusations that former Vice President Riek Machar was plotting a coup dtat. From the outbreak of conflict, armed groups targeted civilians along ethnic lines, committed rape and sexual violence, destroyed property and looted villages, and recruited children into their ranks. by Diana Roy process by which people acquire the culture and habits of the dominant group. These three cultures are those of the Fur, Muslim Africans in the far western part of the country; the Humr tribe of the Baqqrah Arabs, of west-central Sudan; and the Otoro tribe of the Nuba, in east-central Sudan. Girls play in an internally displaced persons (IDP) camp outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan on July 24, 2014. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. These young men trekked across sub-Saharan Africa in search of safety, and eventually found homes in the United States. If there are, ask if any would be willing to visit your school and speak with students. Find out if there are any Lost Boys in your community or region. Its not very encouraging that the existing troops have not been able to do that. Sudan is the first Muslim and Arab country to employ female judges, cinematographers, football referees, army members, and police officers. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Locally, there was a descending hierarchy of hereditary fief stewards, village heads, and, lastly, heads of households. What Languages Are Spoken in South Sudan? Terms of Service| Introduce the vocabulary word diaspora and have students add routes to their maps.Explain to students that the vocabulary word diaspora refers to the migration of a people away from an established homeland, or the displacement of a people. Oral literature from Sudan includes mythological stories and religious tales. Listen to Sudanese music on the National Geographic World Music website. All rights reserved. By Inside Story. Prior to joining World Relief, Lydia worked in homeless services and community development in Oregon and California. A small community of Christians also live there. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Blood feuds occurred between segments and were settled by payment of blood money. 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